"Leptospirosis"

by Nicola Gillespie, DVM

Causes
   Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a spiral shaped bacteria. The disease occurs worldwide and affects humans and both domestic and wild animals. The most common serovars to cause disease in animals are Leptospira grippotyphosa and L. pomona.

Transmission
   The urine of infected animals gets into the water and soil and can survive for 180 days or longer. The bacteria penetrate intact or cut skin or mucus membranes. Drinking contaminated water can also cause infection. The disease is more common in warm, wet climates. Dogs contract the disease from coming in contact with the bacteria in the environment. The time between exposure and clinical signs is usually 5-14 days. Cats may be infected with the leptospira bacteria, but they do not become sick.

Clinical Signs
   Most dogs present with signs related to acute renal failure—lethargy, excessive drinking and urination, vomiting, not eating, diarrhea, and fever. In people, symptoms are usually flu like, but the disease can cause life-threatening illnesses.

Testing
   The best test is a microscopic agglutination test for antibodies. It is recommended to test during acute illness and then 3-4 weeks later to look for increase in the antibody levels. Vaccines will cause a positive titer for at least 3 months so test results must be interpreted carefully.

Treatment
   Injectable penicillin and supportive care for renal failure. Dialysis may be necessary for severe renal failure. Doxycycline is used once the patient has been discharged to decrease the likelihood of shedding the bacteria. Renal damage may be permanent

Zoonosis
   If an animal is suspected of having leptospirosis, then all people handling the pet and the contaminated bedding should wear gloves, gown, mask, and safety goggles. An antibacterial cleaning solution should be used to clean all surfaces.

Vaccination
   The vaccine we use at APH protects against four serovars of leptospirosis. The immunity from the vaccine only lasts for one year. Leptospirosis vaccines have historically been incriminated in more severe reactions than other vaccines. However, the newer vaccine that we use has not caused any more reaction in our experience. If you have questions or concerns about the vaccine then please call our office.